Survivor-Complier Effects in the Presence of Selection on Treatment, With Application to a Study of Prompt ICU Admission

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Kennedy, Edward H.; Harris, Steve; Keele, Luke J.
• 署名单位: Carnegie Mellon University; University of London; Queen Mary University London; University College London; Georgetown University
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0162-1459
• DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2018.1469990
• 发表日期: 2019
• 页码: 93-104
• 关键词: JOB-TRAINING PROGRAMS; principal stratification; nonparametric bounds; causal; identification; outcomes; models; BIAS

摘要

Pretreatment selection or censoring (selection on treatment) can occur when two treatment levels are compared ignoring the third option of neither treatment, in censoring by death settings where treatment is only defined for those who survive long enough to receive it, or in general in studies where the treatment is only defined for a subset of the population. Unfortunately, the standard instrumental variable (IV) estimand is not defined in the presence of such selection, so we consider estimating a new survivor-complier causal effect. Although this effect is generally not identified under standard IV assumptions, it is possible to construct sharp bounds. We derive these bounds and give a corresponding data-driven sensitivity analysis, along with nonparametric yet efficient estimation methods. Importantly, our approach allows for high-dimensional confounding adjustment, and valid inference even after employing machine learning. Incorporating covariates can tighten bounds dramatically, especially when they are strong predictors of the selection process. We apply the methods in a UK cohort study of critical care patients to examine the mortality effects of prompt admission to the intensive care unit, using ICU bed availability as an instrument. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.