USING THE BOOTSTRAP TO QUANTIFY THE AUTHORITY OF AN EMPIRICAL RANKING

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Hall, Peter; Miller, Hugh
• 署名单位: University of Melbourne
• 刊物名称: ANNALS OF STATISTICS
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0090-5364
• DOI: 10.1214/09-AOS699
• 发表日期: 2009
• 页码: 3929-3959
• 关键词: regression

摘要

The bootstrap is a popular and convenient method for quantifying the authority of an empirical ordering of attributes, for example of a ranking of the performance of institutions or of the influence of genes on a response variable. In the first of these examples, the number, p, of quantities being ordered is sometimes only moderate in sire; in the second it can be very large, often much greater than sample sire. However, we show that in both types of problem the conventional bootstrap can produce inconsistency. Moreover, the standard n-out-of-n bootstrap estimator of the distribution of an empirical rank may not converge in the usual sense; the estimator may converge in distribution, but not in probability. Nevertheless, in many cases the bootstrap correctly identifies the support of the asymptotic distribution of ranks. In some contemporary problems, bootstrap prediction intervals for ranks are particularly long, and in this context, we also quantify the accuracy of bootstrap methods, showing that the standard bootstrap gets the order of magnitude of the interval right, but not the constant multiplier of interval length. The m-out-of-n bootstrap can improve performance and produce statistical consistency, but it requires empirical choice of m; we suggest a tuning solution to this problem. We show that in genomic examples, where it might be expected that the standard, synchronous bootstrap will successfully accommodate non-independence of vector components, that approach can produce misleading results. An independent component bootstrap can overcome these difficulties, even in cases where components are not strictly independent.