The Effect of Tax Preparation Expenses for Employees: Evidence from Germany

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Blaufus, Kay; Hechtner, Frank; Moehlmann, Axel
• 署名单位: Leibniz University Hannover; Free University of Berlin
• 刊物名称: CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0823-9150
• DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12240
• 发表日期: 2017
• 页码: 525-554
• 关键词: return preparation; empirical-evidence; Compliance costs; income; practitioners; determinants; responses; preparers; refunds; usage

摘要

Using a panel of German income tax accounting data from taxpayers with no business income (employees), we find a negative relationship between tax preparation expenses and tax liabilities. However, preparation expenses are shown to exceed estimated tax savings. Specifically, one additional Euro spent on preparation yields an estimated tax savings of 72 cents in an OLS regression and 24 cents in a fixed effects regression. In addition, we observe substantial heterogeneity in tax savings among income groups, but even if we account for long-term tax savings, tax liability reductions exceed tax preparation expenses only for the highest income quintile. In all other income quintiles, average preparation expenses exceed the estimated tax and time savings. Based on these results, we also examine whether other specific benefits affect an individual's decision to purchase tax preparation services, and the results indicate the importance of the benefits of coping with complexity and reduced uncertainty. Overall, our findings illustrate that the current tax compliance process violates at least two of Adam Smith's principles of taxation, taxes are neither certain nor fair.