SKEW AND HEAVY-TAIL EFFECTS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Makino, Shige; Chan, Christine M.
• 署名单位: Chinese University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong
• 刊物名称: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0143-2095
• DOI: 10.1002/smj.2632
• 发表日期: 2017
• 页码: 1721-1740
• 关键词: analysis of outliers; heavy-tail effects; non-normal distribution; skew effect; variance-centered view

摘要

Research summary: Most strategic management studies adopt an average-centered view that uses the central tendency to explain between-group variation in performance (i.e., performance differences between business units, firms, industries, and countries). In this study, we explain within-group variation using a variance-centered view that focuses on the peripheral characteristics of performance distributions as defined by skew and heavy tails (i.e., variance and kurtosis). Drawing on performance feedback theory, we hypothesize that successful firms tend to develop a positive skew in their performance distributions, which we call a positive skew effect in this study, and that heavy tails moderate this effect. Our analysis of the performance of a group of foreign affiliates provides general support for our hypotheses at both the firm and segment (industry and country) levels. Managerial summary: Managers of multi-business firms use various approaches to improve the aggregate performance of their business units. Some expand the range of upper performance outliers (exploration) or reduce the range of lower outliers (downsizing); others improve the performance of current business units (exploitation). We find that firms with superior performance tend to have a balanced mix of the three approaches. We also find that segments (countries and industries) with higher mean performances provide environments that facilitate the entry of productive firms and the exit of unproductive firms and provide environments in which incumbents can further improve their performance by learning from others. We observe that successful firms and segments have a positive skew in their performance distributions, which we call a positive skew effect. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.