A cognitive perspective on real options investment: CEO overconfidence

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Lee, Joon Mahn; Park, Jung Chul; Chen, Guoli
• 署名单位: Korea University; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; INSEAD Business School
• 刊物名称: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0143-2095
• DOI: 10.1002/smj.3469
• 发表日期: 2023
• 页码: 1084-1110
• 关键词: ceo overconfidence; Cognitive bias; MARKET UNCERTAINTY; Real options; strategic leadership

摘要

Research Summary While real options theory has been applied with the optimality assumption, actual real options investments are made by managers, who are subject to cognitive biases, especially under uncertainty. In this article, we focus on one important type of cognitive bias, overconfidence, to provide new insights on real options literature. We argue that overconfident CEOs will invest less in real options than non-overconfident CEOs. We also predict that the relationship between overconfident CEOs and firms' real options intensity will be strengthened when market uncertainty is higher. In a study of U.S. public firms, we find strong support across various tests that use multiple measures of overconfidence in CEOs and real options investments, and control for potential selection issues and other endogeneity concerns. Managerial Summary This article studies how a CEO's cognitive bias, overconfidence, may shape a firm's real option investments, which could result in a different level of strategic flexibility. We argue that overconfident CEOs have overly high expectations of their performance under uncertainty and/or underestimate the level of uncertainty in their strategic decision-making, which leads to lower investments in the firms' real options relative to non-overconfident CEOs. We study a sample of U.S. public firms and find strong evidence that an overconfident CEO is positively related to the real options investments at the firm level. We also find that this overconfidence effect becomes more pronounced in markets with greater uncertainty.