Revisiting the liability of foreignness: political ideology, globalization, and discrimination

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Muratova, Yulia; Dhanaraj, Charles; Svystunova, Liudmyla
• 署名单位: Aarhus University; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; Loughborough University
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0047-2506
• DOI: 10.1057/s41267-025-00782-2
• 发表日期: 2025
• 页码: 739-755
• 关键词: Liability of foreignness; inspections; Political ideology; GLOBALIZATION; Regulatory risk; DISCRIMINATION

摘要

Equal treatment of foreign and local firms is the cornerstone of international investment law. Yet, why do foreign firms face discrimination in host countries? We analyze this critical but underexplored aspect of the liability of foreignness in two stages. First, drawing on the insights from political science, we argue that the political ideology of the host government along the left-right spectrum drives discriminatory dynamics, resulting in elevated regulatory risk for foreign firms. Next, we argue that globalization moderates the relative regulatory risk while distinguishing political and social dimensions of globalization: political globalization amplifies the effect of ideology on discrimination, while social globalization mitigates it. We validate our theory using tax inspection data on 38,326 firms across 95 countries from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys between 2008 and 2019. We identify a novel, context-specific source of discrimination revealing how political ideology and globalization jointly shape the regulatory risk of foreign firms. We advance a growing stream of research that explores how political ideologies shape international business. CEOs must recognize that political ideology can drive discrimination risk and that globalization is a double-edged sword. Strategic planning demands nuanced integration of both factors to successfully mitigate discrimination in international markets. L'& eacute;galit & eacute; de traitement entre les entreprises & eacute;trang & egrave;res et locales est la pierre angulaire du droit international de l'investissement. Pourtant, pourquoi les entreprises & eacute;trang & egrave;res sont-elles victimes de discrimination dans les pays d'accueil ? Nous analysons en deux & eacute;tapes cet aspect critique mais sous-explor & eacute; des handicaps et co & ucirc;ts li & eacute;s au statut & eacute;tranger de l'entreprise (Liability of Foreignness). Tout d'abord, nous appuyant sur les renseignements issus des sciences politiques, nous argumentons que l'id & eacute;ologie politique du gouvernement du pays d'accueil, selon le spectre gauche-droite, est & agrave; l'origine de dynamiques discriminatoires, ce qui entra & icirc;ne un risque r & eacute;glementaire & eacute;lev & eacute; pour les entreprises & eacute;trang & egrave;res. Ensuite, nous argumentons & eacute;galement que la mondialisation mod & egrave;re le risque r & eacute;glementaire relatif, tout en distinguant les dimensions politique et sociale de la mondialisation : la mondialisation politique amplifie l'impact de l'id & eacute;ologie sur la discrimination, tandis que la mondialisation sociale l'att & eacute;nue. Nous validons notre th & eacute;orie en utilisant les donn & eacute;es des inspections fiscales de 38326 entreprises dans 95 pays, issues des enqu & ecirc;tes de la Banque Mondiale sur les entreprises entre 2008 et 2019. Nous identifions une nouvelle source de discrimination, sp & eacute;cifique au contexte, qui r & eacute;v & egrave;le comment l'id & eacute;ologie politique et la mondialisation fa & ccedil;onnent conjointement le risque r & eacute;glementaire des entreprises & eacute;trang & egrave;res. Nous faisons progresser un courant de recherche croissant qui explore la mani & egrave;re dont les id & eacute;ologies politiques fa & ccedil;onnent le commerce international. Les PDGs doivent reconna & icirc;tre que le risque de discrimination peut & ecirc;tre induit par l'id & eacute;ologie politique et que la mondialisation est une arme & agrave; double tranchant. La planification strat & eacute;gique exige une int & eacute;gration nuanc & eacute;e de ces deux facteurs afin d'att & eacute;nuer avec succ & egrave;s la discrimination sur les march & eacute;s internationaux. El trato igualitario entre empresas extranjeras y locales es la piedra angular del derecho internacional de inversiones. Sin embargo, & iquest;por qu & eacute; las empresas extranjeras enfrentan discriminaci & oacute;n en los pa & iacute;ses anfitriones? Analizamos este aspecto cr & iacute;tico, pero poco explorado de la desventaja de ser extranjero en dos etapas. Primero, bas & aacute;ndonos en las perspectivas de la ciencia pol & iacute;tica, argumentamos que la ideolog & iacute;a pol & iacute;tica del gobierno anfitri & oacute;n a lo largo del espectro izquierda-derecha impulsa din & aacute;micas discriminatorias, resultando en un riesgo regulatorio elevado para las empresas extranjeras. Luego, argumentamos que la globalizaci & oacute;n modera el riesgo regulatorio relativo, mientras distinguimos las dimensiones pol & iacute;ticas y sociales de la globalizaci & oacute;n: la globalizaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica amplifica el efecto de la ideolog & iacute;a en la discriminaci & oacute;n, mientras que la globalizaci & oacute;n social lo mitiga. Validamos nuestra teor & iacute;a utilizando datos de inspecciones fiscales de 38.326 empresas en 95 pa & iacute;ses de las Encuestas de Empresas del Banco Mundial entre 2008 y 2019. Identificamos una fuente novedosa y espec & iacute;fica del contexto de discriminaci & oacute;n, revelando c & oacute;mo la ideolog & iacute;a pol & iacute;tica y la globalizaci & oacute;n conjuntamente configuran el riesgo regulatorio de las empresas extranjeras. Avanzamos en una creciente corriente de investigaci & oacute;n que explora c & oacute;mo las ideolog & iacute;as pol & iacute;ticas dan forma a los negocios internacionales. Los directores ejecutivos deben reconocer que el riesgo de discriminaci & oacute;n puede estar impulsado por la ideolog & iacute;a pol & iacute;tica y que la globalizaci & oacute;n es una espada de doble filo. La planificaci & oacute;n estrat & eacute;gica exige una integraci & oacute;n matizada de ambos factores para mitigar exitosamente la discriminaci & oacute;n en los mercados internacionales. Igualdade de tratamento entre empresas estrangeiras e locais & eacute; a base do direito internacional de investimento. No entanto, por que empresas estrangeiras enfrentam discrimina & ccedil;& atilde;o em pa & iacute;ses anfitri & otilde;es? Analisamos esse aspecto cr & iacute;tico, por & eacute;m pouco explorado, da desvantagem de ser estrangeiro em duas etapas. Primeiro, com base nos insights da ci & ecirc;ncia pol & iacute;tica, argumentamos que a ideologia pol & iacute;tica do governo anfitri & atilde;o ao longo do espectro esquerda-direita impulsiona din & acirc;micas discriminat & oacute;rias, resultando em maior risco regulat & oacute;rio para empresas estrangeiras. Em seguida, argumentamos que a globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o modera o risco regulat & oacute;rio relativo, ao mesmo tempo em que distingue dimens & otilde;es pol & iacute;ticas e sociais da globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o: a globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o pol & iacute;tica amplifica o efeito da ideologia sobre discrimina & ccedil;& atilde;o, enquanto a globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o social a mitiga. Validamos nossa teoria usando dados de inspe & ccedil;& atilde;o tribut & aacute;ria das Pesquisas Corporativas do Banco Mundial, que abrangeram 38.326 empresas em 95 pa & iacute;ses entre 2008 e 2019. Identificamos uma nova fonte de discrimina & ccedil;& atilde;o espec & iacute;fica do contexto, revelando como a ideologia pol & iacute;tica e a globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o moldam conjuntamente o risco regulat & oacute;rio de empresas estrangeiras. Avan & ccedil;amos em um conjunto crescente de pesquisa que explora como ideologias pol & iacute;ticas moldam os neg & oacute;cios internacionais. CEOs devem reconhecer que a ideologia pol & iacute;tica pode estimular o risco de discrimina & ccedil;& atilde;o e que a globaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o & eacute; uma faca de dois gumes. O planejamento estrat & eacute;gico exige uma integra & ccedil;& atilde;o matizada de ambos os fatores para mitigar com sucesso a discrimina & ccedil;& atilde;o em mercados internacionais. 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