Space: a new frontier for international business

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Raswant, Arpit; Nielsen, Bo Bernhard; Buckley, Peter J.
• 署名单位: University of Newcastle; University of Sydney; University of Manchester; Alliance Manchester Business School
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0047-2506
• DOI: 10.1057/s41267-025-00783-1
• 发表日期: 2025
• 页码: 567-588
• 关键词: space; frontier; BUSINESS; Institution; governance; International; MULTINATIONAL

摘要

This article examines (outer) Space as a new frontier for international business (IB) and highlights the unique challenges and opportunities it presents. Unlike terrestrial business environments, Space is characterized by extreme physical conditions, ambiguous property rights, and an institutional vacuum, which disrupt conventional IB theories. The study identifies three key challenges-congestion, contention, and competition-arising from the commercialization of Space and the increasing presence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the sector. Utilizing the OLI (ownership, location, internalization) framework, the paper critically reassesses existing IB theories, considering these Space-specific complexities and their long-term implications for global business strategy. Furthermore, it explores the geopolitical and regulatory implications of Space activities, arguing that the absence of effective governance structures necessitates novel policy frameworks and cooperative mechanisms to ensure responsible expansion. The study also underscores the role of MNEs in shaping sustainable Space commercialization, proposing the addition of a new 18th Sustainable Development Goal-Sustainable Space. The findings contribute to IB scholarship by advancing theoretical approaches that account for the spatial, institutional, and competitive dynamics unique to (outer) Space, offering a foundation for future research, policy development, and industry collaboration in the era of Space-based business and security expansion. Cet article de perspective examine l'ESpace (extra-atmosph & eacute;rique) en tant que nouvelle fronti & egrave;re pour les affaires internationales (International Business - IB), et met en & eacute;vidence les opportunit & eacute;s et les d & eacute;fis uniques qu'il pr & eacute;sente. Contrairement aux environnements commerciaux terrestres, l'ESpace se caract & eacute;rise par des conditions physiques extr & ecirc;mes, des droits de propri & eacute;t & eacute; ambigus et un vide institutionnel, lesquels bouleversent les th & eacute;ories conventionnelles de l'IB. Cette recherche identifie trois d & eacute;fis majeurs - la congestion, la contestation et la concurrence - d & eacute;coulant de la commercialisation de l'ESpace et de la pr & eacute;sence croissante des entreprises multinationales (Multinational Enterprises - MNEs) dans le secteur. En utilisant le cadre th & eacute;orique OLI (Ownership, Location, Internalization), l'article r & eacute;& eacute;value de mani & egrave;re critique les th & eacute;ories existantes en IB en tenant compte de ces complexit & eacute;s sp & eacute;cifiques & agrave; l'ESpace et de leurs implications & agrave; long terme pour la strat & eacute;gie commerciale mondiale. En outre, elle explore les implications g & eacute;opolitiques et r & eacute;glementaires des activit & eacute;s li & eacute;es & agrave; l'ESpace en argumentant que l'absence de structures de gouvernance efficaces n & eacute;cessite de nouveaux cadres politiques et des m & eacute;canismes de coop & eacute;ration pour garantir une expansion responsable. La recherche souligne & eacute;galement le r & ocirc;le des MNEs dans l'& eacute;laboration d'une commercialisation durable de l'ESpace, proposant l'ajout d'un nouvel objectif de d & eacute;veloppement durable (18e) : l'ESpace Durable. Les r & eacute;sultats contribuent & agrave; la recherche en IB en faisant progresser les approches th & eacute;oriques qui tiennent compte des dynamiques institutionnelles, concurrentielles et spatiales propres & agrave; l'ESpace (extra-atmosph & eacute;rique), offrant ainsi une base pour la recherche future, l'& eacute;laboration de politiques ainsi que pour la collaboration industrielle & agrave; l'& egrave;re de l'expansion & eacute;conomique bas & eacute;e sur l'ESpace. Este art & iacute;culo de perspectiva examina el Espacio (exterior) como una nueva frontera para Negocios Internacionales (IB, por sus siglas en ingl & eacute;s) y destaca los desaf & iacute;os y oportunidades & uacute;nicos que presenta. A diferencia de los entornos empresariales terrestres, el Espacio se caracteriza por condiciones f & iacute;sicas extremas, derechos de propiedad ambiguos y un vac & iacute;o institucional, lo que desaf & iacute;a las teor & iacute;as convencionales de los negocios internacionales. El estudio identifica tres desaf & iacute;os clave, congesti & oacute;n, disputa y competencia, que surgen de la comercializaci & oacute;n del Espacio y la creciente presencia de empresas multinacionales (MNEs por sus iniciales en ingl & eacute;s) en este sector. Utilizando el marco OLI (propiedad, ubicaci & oacute;n, internalizaci & oacute;n), el art & iacute;culo reeval & uacute;a cr & iacute;ticamente las teor & iacute;as existentes de Negocios Internacionales, considerando estas complejidades espec & iacute;ficas del Espacio y sus implicaciones a largo plazo para la estrategia empresarial global. Adem & aacute;s, explora las implicaciones geopol & iacute;ticas y regulatorias de las actividades espaciales, argumentando que la ausencia de estructuras de gobernanza efectivas requiere marcos pol & iacute;ticos novedosos y mecanismos de cooperaci & oacute;n para garantizar una expansi & oacute;n responsable. El estudio tambi & eacute;n subraya el papel de las empresas multinacionales en la configuraci & oacute;n de una comercializaci & oacute;n sostenible del Espacio, proponiendo la adici & oacute;n de un nuevo Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) n & uacute;mero 18: Espacio Sostenible. Los hallazgos contribuyen a la academia de IB al avanzar enfoques te & oacute;ricos que consideran las din & aacute;micas espaciales, institucionales y competitivas & uacute;nicas del Espacio (exterior), ofreciendo una base para futuras investigaciones, desarrollo de pol & iacute;ticas y colaboraci & oacute;n industrial en la era de la expansi & oacute;n econ & oacute;mica basada en el Espacio. Este artigo de perspectiva examina o espa & ccedil;o (sideral) como uma nova fronteira para neg & oacute;cios internacionais (IB) e destaca os desafios e oportunidades & uacute;nicos que ele apresenta. Ao contr & aacute;rio de ambientes de neg & oacute;cios terrestres, o Espa & ccedil;o & eacute; caracterizado por condi & ccedil;& otilde;es f & iacute;sicas extremas, direitos de propriedade amb & iacute;guos e um v & aacute;cuo institucional, que conturbam teorias convencionais de IB. O estudo identifica tr & ecirc;s desafios principais - congestionamento, conten & ccedil;& atilde;o e concorr & ecirc;ncia - decorrentes da comercializa & ccedil;& atilde;o do espa & ccedil;o e da crescente presen & ccedil;a de empresas multinacionais (MNEs) no setor. Utilizando o modelo OLI (propriedade, localiza & ccedil;& atilde;o, internaliza & ccedil;& atilde;o), o artigo reavalia criticamente teorias existentes de IB, considerando essas complexidades espec & iacute;ficas do espa & ccedil;o e suas implica & ccedil;& otilde;es de longo prazo para a estrat & eacute;gia de neg & oacute;cios global. Al & eacute;m disso, ele explora as implica & ccedil;& otilde;es geopol & iacute;ticas e regulat & oacute;rias de atividades espaciais, argumentando que a aus & ecirc;ncia de estruturas de governan & ccedil;a eficazes requer novos modelos pol & iacute;ticos e mecanismos cooperativos para garantir uma expans & atilde;o respons & aacute;vel. O estudo tamb & eacute;m ressalta o papel de MNEs na forma & ccedil;& atilde;o da comercializa & ccedil;& atilde;o sustent & aacute;vel do Espa & ccedil;o, propondo a adi & ccedil;& atilde;o de um novo 18 degrees Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent & aacute;vel - Espa & ccedil;o Sustent & aacute;vel. Os achados contribuem para a pesquisa em IB avan & ccedil;ando abordagens te & oacute;ricas que explicam a din & acirc;mica espacial, institucional e competitiva exclusiva do espa & ccedil;o (sideral), oferecendo uma funda & ccedil;& atilde;o para pesquisas futuras, desenvolvimento de pol & iacute;ticas e colabora & ccedil;& atilde;o da ind & uacute;stria na era da expans & atilde;o econ & ocirc;mica baseada no espa & ccedil;o. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic))(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (IB) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)IB(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (MNE) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) OLI((sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic))(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) IB (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)MNE(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)--(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic))(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic) IB (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).