Religion, Education, and the State

• 成果类型: Article; Early Access
• 署名作者: Bazzi, Samuel; Hilmy, Masyhur; Marx, Benjamin
• 署名单位: University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of New South Wales Sydney; Boston University
• 刊物名称: REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0034-6527
• DOI: 10.1093/restud/rdaf071
• 发表日期: 2025
• 关键词: School construction; sample selection; political-economy; Indonesia; variables; origins; POLICY; era

摘要

This paper explores how state and religious providers of education compete during the nation building process. Using novel administrative data, we characterize the evolution of Indonesia's Islamic education system and religious school choice after the introduction of mass public primary schooling in the 1970s. Funded through informal taxation, Islamic schools competed with the state by entering in the same markets. While primary enrollment shifted towards state schools, religious education increased overall as Islamic schools absorbed growing demand for secondary education. In the short run, electoral support for the secular regime weakened in markets with greater public school construction. Over the long run, Islamic schools established at this juncture are more differentiated in terms of religious curriculum, and cohorts exposed to mass public schooling as children are more invested in religion than in the national identity. Our findings offer a new perspective on the political economy of education reforms and the emergence of parallel systems of public goods provision.