POLITICAL IDENTITY: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON ANTI-AMERICANISM IN PAKISTAN

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Bursztyn, Leonardo; Callen, Michael; Ferman, Bruno; Gulzar, Saad; Hasanain, Ali; Yuchtman, Noam
• 署名单位: University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Getulio Vargas Foundation; Stanford University; Lahore University of Management Sciences; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
• ISSN/ISSBN: 1542-4766
• DOI: 10.1093/jeea/jvz053
• 发表日期: 2020
• 页码: 2532-2560
• 关键词: randomized-response; voter turnout; ECONOMICS; incentives; PARTICIPATION; calculus; nation; WORLD; media

摘要

We identify Pakistani men's willingness to pay to preserve their anti-American identity using two experiments imposing clearly specified financial costs on anti-American expression, with minimal consequential or social considerations. In two distinct studies, one-quarter to one-third of subjects forgo payments from the U.S. government worth around one-fifth of a day's wage to avoid an identity-threatening choice: anonymously checking a box indicating gratitude toward the U.S. government. We find sensitivity to both payment size and anticipated social context: when subjects anticipate that rejection will be observable by others, rejection falls suggesting that, for some, social image can outweigh self-image.