Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Heggarty, Paul; Anderson, Cormac; Scarborough, Matthew; King, Benedict; Bouckaert, Remco; Jocz, Lechoslaw; Kuemmel, Martin Joachim; Juegel, Thomas; Irslinger, Britta; Pooth, Roland; Liljegren, Henrik; Strand, Richard F.; Haig, Geoffrey; Macak, Martin; Kim, Ronald I.; Anonby, Erik; Pronk, Tijmen; Belyaev, Oleg; Dewey-Findell, Tonya Kim; Boutilier, Matthew; Freiberg, Cassandra; Tegethoff, Robert; Serangeli, Matilde; Liosis, Nikos; Stronski, Krzysztof; Schulte, Kim; Gupta, Ganesh Kumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Greenhill, Simon J.; Kuehnert, Denise; Gray, Russell D.
• 署名单位: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; University of Copenhagen; University of Auckland; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Ruhr University Bochum; Ghent University; Stockholm University; Otto Friedrich University Bamberg; Adam Mickiewicz University; Carleton University; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Nottingham; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Humboldt University of Berlin; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Adam Mickiewicz University; Universitat Jaume I; Max Planck Society; University of Auckland; University of Oxford; Australian National University; Max Planck Society
• 刊物名称: SCIENCE
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0036-9454
• DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0818
• 发表日期: 2023-07-28
• 页码: 414-+
• 关键词: genomic history; expansion; steppe; times

摘要

The origins of the Indo-European language family are hotly disputed. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of core vocabulary have produced conflicting results, with some supporting a farming expansion out of Anatolia similar to 9000 years before present (yr B.P.), while others support a spread with horse-based pastoralism out of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe similar to 6000 yr B.P. Here we present an extensive database of Indo-European core vocabulary that eliminates past inconsistencies in cognate coding. Ancestry-enabled phylogenetic analysis of this dataset indicates that few ancient languages are direct ancestors of modern clades and produces a root age of similar to 8120 yr B.P. for the family. Although this date is not consistent with the Steppe hypothesis, it does not rule out an initial homeland south of the Caucasus, with a subsequent branch northward onto the steppe and then across Europe. We reconcile this hybrid hypothesis with recently published ancient DNA evidence from the steppe and the northern Fertile Crescent.