Variance sum rule for entropy production

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Di Terlizzi, I.; Gironella, M.; Herraez-Aguilar, D.; Betz, T.; Monroy, F.; Baiesi, M.; Ritort, F.
• 署名单位: Max Planck Society; University of Padua; University of Barcelona; University of Gothenburg; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria; University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen; Complutense University of Madrid; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University of Barcelona
• 刊物名称: SCIENCE
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0036-12883
• DOI: 10.1126/science.adh1823
• 发表日期: 2024-03-01
• 页码: 971-976
• 关键词: active nature; blood; fluctuations; mechanics; reveals; physics; cells

摘要

Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate sigma in nonequilibrium steady states. We first illustrate it for directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle in an optical trap. We then apply the VSR to flickering experiments in human red blood cells. We find that sigma is spatially heterogeneous with a finite correlation length, and its average value agrees with calorimetry measurements. The VSR paves the way to derive sigma using force spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging in living and active matter.