Loss of Earth's old, wise, and large animals

• 成果类型: Review
• 署名作者: Kopf, R. Keller; Banks, Sam; Brent, Lauren J. N.; Humphries, Paul; Jolly, Chris J.; Lee, Phyllis C.; Luiz, Osmar J.; Nimmo, Dale; Winemiller, Kirk O.
• 署名单位: Charles Darwin University; University of Exeter; Charles Sturt University; Charles Sturt University; Macquarie University; University of Stirling; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
• 刊物名称: SCIENCE
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0036-13800
• DOI: 10.1126/science.ado2705
• 发表日期: 2025-01-03
• 关键词: life-history strategies; age-structure; reproductive traits; personality-traits; size distribution; metabolic theory; extinction risk; adaptive value; marine fish; blue marlin

摘要

Earth's old animals are in decline. Despite this, emerging research is revealing the vital contributions of older individuals to cultural transmission, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes and services. Often the largest and most experienced, old individuals are most valued by humans and make important contributions to reproduction, information acquisition and cultural transmission, trophic dynamics, and resistance and resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbance. These observations contrast with the senescence-focused paradigm of old age that has dominated the literature for more than a century yet are consistent with findings from behavioral ecology and life history theory. In this work, we review why the global loss of old individuals can be particularly detrimental to long-lived animals with indeterminate growth; those with increasing reproductive output with age; and those dependent on migration, sociality, and cultural transmission for survival. Longevity conservation is needed to protect the important ecological roles and ecosystem services provided by old animals.