A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Abuter, R.; Allouche, F.; Amorim, A.; Bailet, C.; Berdeu, A.; Berger, J. -P.; Berio, P.; Bigioli, A.; Boebion, O.; Bolzer, M. -L.; Bonnet, H.; Bourdarot, G.; Bourget, P.; Brandner, W.; Cao, Y.; Conzelmann, R.; Comin, M.; Clenet, Y.; Courtney-Barrer, B.; Davies, R.; Defrere, D.; Delboulbe, A.; Delplancke-Stroebele, F.; Dembet, R.; Dexter, J.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Drescher, A.; Eckart, A.; Edouard, C.; Eisenhauer, F.; Fabricius, M.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Finger, G.; Schreiber, N. M. Foerster; Garcia, P.; Lopez, R. Garcia; Gao, F.; Gendron, E.; Genzel, R.; Gil, J. P.; Gillessen, S.; Gomes, T.; Gonte, F.; Gouvret, C.; Guajardo, P.; Guieu, S.; Hackenberg, W.; Haddad, N.; Hartl, M.; Haubois, X.; Haussmann, F.; Heissel, G.; Henning, Th.; Hippler, S.; Honig, S. F.; Horrobin, M.; Hubin, N.; Jacqmart, E.; Jocou, L.; Kaufer, A.; Kervella, P.; Kolb, J.; Korhonen, H.; Lacour, S.; Lagarde, S.; Lai, O.; Lapeyrere, V.; Laugier, R.; Le Bouquin, J. -B.; Leftley, J.; Lena, P.; Lewis, S.; Liu, D.; Lopez, B.; Lutz, D.; Magnard, Y.; Mang, F.; Marcotto, A.; Maurel, D.; Merand, A.; Millour, F.; More, N.; Netzer, H.; Nowacki, H.; Nowak, M.; Oberti, S.; Ott, T.; Pallanca, L.; Paumard, T.; Perraut, K.; Perrin, G.; Petrov, R.; Pfuhl, O.; Pourre, N.; Rabien, S.; Rau, C.; Riquelme, M.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Rochat, S.; Salman, M.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Santos, D. J. D.; Scheithauer, S.; Schoeller, M.; Schubert, J.; Schuhler, N.; Shangguan, J.; Shchekaturov, P.; Shimizu, T. T.; Sevin, A.; Soulez, F.; Spang, A.; Stadler, E.; Sternberg, A.; Straubmeier, C.; Sturm, E.; Sykes, C.; Tacconi, L. J.; Tristram, K. R. W.; Vincent, F.; von Fellenberg, S.; Uysal, S.; Widmann, F.; Wieprecht, E.; Wiezorrek, E.; Woillez, J.; Zins, G.
• 署名单位: Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); European Southern Observatory; Universidade de Lisboa; Universidade de Lisboa; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG); KU Leuven; Max Planck Society; Technical University of Munich; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); European Southern Observatory; Max Planck Society; Australian National University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Max Planck Society; University of Cologne; Universidade do Porto; University College Dublin; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of Southampton; Tel Aviv University; University of Cambridge; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Simons Foundation; Flatiron Institute
• 刊物名称: Nature
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-6414
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4
• 发表日期: 2024-03-14
• 关键词: bulge mass; ratio; EVOLUTION; galaxies; drivers; gas

摘要

Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-mu as (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the H alpha line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 x 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 x 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems. Using the GRAVITY+ instrument, dynamical measurement of the black hole mass in a quasar at a redshift of 2.3 (11 billion years ago) shows how the relationship between galaxies and black holes evolves with time.