Thermalization and criticality on an analogue-digital quantum simulator

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Andersen, T. I.; Astrakhantsev, N.; Karamlou, A. H.; Berndtsson, J.; Motruk, J.; Szasz, A.; Gross, J. A.; Schuckert, A.; Westerhout, T.; Zhang, Y.; Forati, E.; Rossi, D.; Kobrin, B.; Di Paolo, A.; Klots, A. R.; Drozdov, I.; Kurilovich, V.; Petukhov, A.; Ioffe, L. B.; Elben, A.; Rath, A.; Vitale, V.; Vermersch, B.; Acharya, R.; Beni, L. A.; Anderson, K.; Ansmann, M.; Arute, F.; Arya, K.; Asfaw, A.; Atalaya, J.; Ballard, B.; Bardin, J. C.; Bengtsson, A.; Bilmes, A.; Bortoli, G.; Bourassa, A.; Bovaird, J.; Brill, L.; Broughton, M.; Browne, D. A.; Buchea, B.; Buckley, B. B.; Buell, D. A.; Burger, T.; Burkett, B.; Bushnell, N.; Cabrera, A.; Campero, J.; Chang, H. -S.; Chen, Z.; Chiaro, B.; Claes, J.; Cleland, Y.; Cogan, J.; Collins, R.; Conner, P.; Courtney, W.; Crook, A. L.; Das, S.; Debroy, D. M.; De Lorenzo, L.; Barba, A. Del Toro; Demura, S.; Donohoe, P.; Dunsworth, A.; Earle, C.; Eickbusch, A.; Elbag, A. M.; Elzouka, M.; Erickson, C.; Faoro, L.; Fatemi, R.; Ferreira, V. S.; Burgos, L. Flores; Fowler, A. G.; Foxen, B.; Ganjam, S.; Gasca, R.; Giang, W.; Gidney, C.; Gilboa, D.; Giustina, M.; Gosula, R.; Dau, A. Grajales; Graumann, D.; Greene, A.; Habegger, S.; Hamilton, M. C.; Hansen, M.; Harrigan, M. P.; Harrington, S. D.; Heslin, S.; Heu, P.; Hill, G.; Hoffmann, M. R.; Huang, H. -Y.; Huang, T.; Huff, A.; Huggins, W. J.; Isakov, S. V.; Jeffrey, E.; Jiang, Z.; Jones, C.; Jordan, S.; Joshi, C.; Juhas, P.; Kafri, D.; Kang, H.; Kechedzhi, K.; Khaire, T.; Khattar, T.; Khezri, M.; Kieferova, M.; Kim, S.; Kitaev, A.; Klimov, P.; Korotkov, A. N.; Kostritsa, F.; Kreikebaum, J. M.; Landhuis, D.; Langley, B. W.; Laptev, P.; Lau, K. -M.; Le Guevel, L.; Ledford, J.; Lee, J.; Lee, K. W.; Lensky, Y. D.; Lester, B. J.; Li, W. Y.; Lill, A. T.; Liu, W.; Livingston, W. P.; Locharla, A.; Lundahl, D.; Lunt, A.; Madhuk, S.; Maloney, A.; Mandra, S.; Martin, L. S.; Martin, O.; Martin, S.; Maxfield, C.; McClean, J. R.; McEwen, M.; Meeks, S.; Miao, K. C.; Mieszala, A.; Molina, S.; Montazeri, S.; Morvan, A.; Movassagh, R.; Neill, C.; Nersisyan, A.; Newman, M.; Nguyen, A.; Nguyen, M.; Ni, C. -H.; Niu, M. Y.; Oliver, W. D.; Ottosson, K.; Pizzuto, A.; Potter, R.; Pritchard, O.; Pryadko, L. P.; Quintana, C.; Reagor, M. J.; Rhodes, D. M.; Roberts, G.; Rocque, C.; Rosenberg, E.; Rubin, N. C.; Saei, N.; Sankaragomathi, K.; Satzinger, K. J.; Schurkus, H. F.; Schuster, C.; Shearn, M. J.; Shorter, A.; Shutty, N.; Shvarts, V.; Sivak, V.; Skruzny, J.; Small, S.; Smith, W. Clarke; Springer, S.; Sterling, G.; Suchard, J.; Szalay, M.; Sztein, A.; Thor, D.; Torres, A.; Torunbalci, M. M.; Vaishnav, A.; Vdovichev, S.; Villalonga, B.; Heidweiller, C. Vollgraff; Waltman, S.; Wang, S. X.; White, T.; Wong, K.; Woo, B. W. K.; Xing, C.; Yao, Z. Jamie; Yeh, P.; Ying, B.; Yoo, J.; Yosri, N.; Young, G.; Zalcman, A.; Zhu, N.; Zobrist, N.; Neven, H.; Babbush, R.; Boixo, S.; Hilton, J.; Lucero, E.; Megrant, A.; Kelly, J.; Chen, Y.; Smelyanskiy, V.; Vidal, G.; Roushan, P.; Lauchli, A. M.; Abanin, D. A.; Mi, X.
• 署名单位: Alphabet Inc.; Google Incorporated; University of Geneva; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Connecticut; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Auburn University System; Auburn University; University of Technology Sydney; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Harvard University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Princeton University
• 刊物名称: Nature
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-1920
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08460-3
• 发表日期: 2025-02-05
• 页码: 79-+
• 关键词: phase-transitions; statistical-mechanics; localization; DYNAMICS; entanglement; supremacy; chaos

摘要

Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators(1,2). Unlocking the full potential of such systems towards this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution and extensive probes for final state characterization. Here we present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits that supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analogue evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. This hybrid platform features more versatile measurement capabilities compared with analogue-only simulators, which we leverage here to reveal a coarsening-induced breakdown of Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions(3) in the XY model, as well as signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition(4). Moreover, the digital gates enable precise energy control, allowing us to study the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis(5-7) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. We also demonstrate digital preparation of pairwise-entangled dimer states, and image the transport of energy and vorticity during subsequent thermalization in analogue evolution. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analogue-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics.