Antibody prophylaxis may mask subclinical SIV infections in macaques

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Gonelli, Christopher A.; King, Hannah A. D.; Ko, Sungyoul; Fennessey, Christine M.; Iwamoto, Nami; Mason, Rosemarie D.; Heimann, Ashley; Flebbe, Dillon R.; Todd, John-Paul; Foulds, Kathryn E.; Keele, Brandon F.; Lifson, Jeffrey D.; Koup, Richard A.; Roederer, Mario
• 署名单位: National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR); United States Department of Defense; United States Army; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
• 刊物名称: Nature
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-3341
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08500-y
• 发表日期: 2025-03-06
• 关键词: monoclonal-antibodies; hiv-1; pharmacokinetics; neutralization; responses; safety; vrc07-523ls; phase-1; viremia; vrc01

摘要

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) show potential to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in humans1. However, there are limited data on the antibody concentrations required to prevent infection. Clinical trials of bNAb prophylaxis have demonstrated partial efficacy2, but the sampling frequency typically does not allow precise timing of infection events and concurrent antibody levels. Here, using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques, we show that although potent bNAbs can delay the onset of acute viremia, subclinical infections occur while bNAb levels remain high. Serial SIV challenge of monkeys given partially and fully neutralizing bNAbs revealed that 'viral blips'-low and transient plasma viremia-often occur while serum bNAb concentrations are well above currently accepted protective levels. To understand the precise timing of the infections resulting in such blips, we performed plasma viral sequencing on monkeys that were serially challenged with genetically barcoded SIV after bNAb administration. These analyses showed that subclinical infections occurred in most animals that were given potent bNAb prophylaxis. These subclinical infections occurred while antibody concentrations were 2- to 400-fold higher than the levels required to prevent fully viremic breakthrough infection. This study demonstrates that immunoprophylaxis can mask subclinical infections, which may affect the interpretation of prophylactic HIV-1 bNAb clinical trials.