The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Anthony, David; Vyazov, Leonid; Fournier, Romain; Ringbauer, Harald; Olalde, Inigo; Khokhlov, Alexander A.; Kitov, Egor P.; Shishlina, Natalia I.; Ailincai, Sorin C.; Agapov, Danila S.; Agapov, Sergey A.; Batieva, Elena; Bauyrzhan, Baitanayev; Bereczki, Zsolt; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Changmai, Piya; Chizhevsky, Andrey A.; Ciobanu, Ion; Constantinescu, Mihai; Csanyi, Marietta; Dani, Janos; Dashkovskiy, Peter K.; Evinger, Sandor; Faifert, Anatoly; Flegontov, Pavel; Frinculeasa, Alin; Frinculeasa, Madalina N.; Hajdu, Tamas; Higham, Tom; Jarosz, Pawel; Jelinek, Pavol; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Kirginekov, Eduard N.; Kiss, Viktoria; Kitova, Alexandera; Kiyashko, Alexeiy V.; Koledin, Jovan; Korolev, Arkady; Kosintsev, Pavel; Kulcsar, Gabriella; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Magomedov, Rabadan; Mamedov, Aslan M.; Melis, Eszter; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Molnar, Erika; Monge, Janet; Negrea, Octav; Nikolaeva, Nadezhda A.; Novak, Mario; Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria; Palfi, Gyorgy; Popovici, Sergiu; Rykun, Marina P.; Savenkova, Tatyana M.; Semibratov, Vladimir P.; Seregin, Nikolai N.; Sefcakova, Alena; Mussayeva, Raikhan S.; Shingiray, Irina; Shirokov, Vladimir N.; Simalcsik, Angela; Sirak, Kendra; Solodovnikov, Konstantin N.; Tarnoki, Judit; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Trifonov, Viktor; Vasilyev, Sergey; Akbari, Ali; Brielle, Esther S.; Callan, Kim; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Curtis, Elizabeth; Flegontova, Olga; Iliev, Lora; Kearns, Aisling; Keating, Denise; Lawson, Ann Marie; Mah, Matthew; Micco, Adam; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David
• 署名单位: Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; University of Ostrava; University of Oxford; Max Planck Society; University of Basque Country; Basque Foundation for Science; Samara State University of Social Sciences & Education; Russian Academy of Sciences; N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology & Anthropology; Szeged University; Ecological University of Bucharest; Szeged University; Altai State University; Czech Academy of Sciences; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Valahia University of Targoviste; Eotvos Lorand University; University of Vienna; University of Vienna; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Archaeology & Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; The Kunstkamera; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences; Centre Egyptological Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Southern Federal University; Ural Federal University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of History, Archaeology & Ethnography, Dagestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute for Anthropological Research Zagreb; University of Primorska; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Tomsk State University; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; Altai State University; Altai State University; University of Oxford; Institute of History & Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Romanian Academy; Tyumen Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology & Anthropology; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University College Dublin; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
• 刊物名称: Nature
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-3230
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08531-5
• 发表日期: 2025-03-06
• 关键词: genomic history; ancient dna; bronze; contamination; populations; chronology; EVOLUTION; languages; patterns; sequence

摘要

The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300 bc across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000 bc it reached its maximal extent, ranging from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize Yamnaya origins among the preceding Eneolithic people, we assembled ancient DNA from 435 individuals, demonstrating three genetic clines. A Caucasus-lower Volga (CLV) cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer1 ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end and a northern end at Berezhnovka along the lower Volga river. Bidirectional gene flow created intermediate populations, such as the north Caucasus Maikop people, and those at Remontnoye on the steppe. The Volga cline was formed as CLV people mixed with upriver populations of Eastern hunter-gatherer2 ancestry, creating hypervariable groups, including one at Khvalynsk. The Dnipro cline was formed when CLV people moved west, mixing with people with Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry3 along the Dnipro and Don rivers to establish Serednii Stih groups, from whom Yamnaya ancestors formed around 4000 bc and grew rapidly after 3750-3350 bc. The CLV people contributed around four-fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya and, entering Anatolia, probably from the east, at least one-tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age central Anatolians, who spoke Hittite4,5. We therefore propose that the final unity of the speakers of 'proto-Indo-Anatolian', the language ancestral to both Anatolian and Indo-European people, occurred in CLV people some time between 4400 bc and 4000 bc.